Google has been fined $2.38 billion (1.49 billion euros) by the European Commission, in what is its third large EU antitrust penalty in the span of two years.

The commission said the fine was about 1.29 per cent of Google's turnover, which was a total of $190.8 billion in 2018.

The case focussed on the company's illegal practices in search ad brokering from 2006 to 2016, which meant advertisers and website owners not using the AdSense platform had less options and faced possible higher prices that were passed on to consumers.